The calculation needs to take into consideration are: Cut-in pressure and cut-out pressure and the volume of instrument air required from the compressors during the operating cycle. Carbon monoxide is a compressed gas that can cause physical injury to the user or other nearby individuals. This will need to encompass a range of Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 1 = Compressor 2 = Inlet silencer 3 = Vibration isolator 4 = Pre-filter 5.0 micron 5 = Integrated after-cooler 6 = Moisture separator (optional) 7 = Automatic condensate drain 8 = Equipment isolation valve 9 = Primary pressure safety valve 10 = Non-return valve (optional) 11 = Air receiver 12 = Pressure gauge 13 = Pressure switch valve 41 14 = Pressure switch low alarm 15 = Desiccant drier 16 = Activated carbon filter 17 = Final-filter 0.01 micron 18 = Differential pressure gauge 19 = Dew point sensor 20 = Pipeline pressure regulator 21 = Pipeline isolation valve 22 = Service facility connection 23 = Pressure switch failure alarm 24 = Pipeline pressure gauge 25 = Pipeline pressure safety valve NB: The use of NRVs (item 10) downstream of locally controlled package compressors is not recommended. 2.4.5 LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE Liquid carbon dioxide is not recognized as a cryogenic liquid due to its operating temperatures and is available in two formats; high-pressure liquid at a pressure of 5,824 kPa at ambient temperature supplied from a high-pressure gas cylinder. When operating under normal circumstances this is carried out in three stages: pre filtration, activated carbon filtration, and final filtration. Propellants and explosives testing, as well as safety studies also require specialized combustion calorimeters. IGC Doc 121/04/E, Hydrogen Transportation Pipelines (pdf, 562 kb) NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code ASTM]. Synthetic tubing and fittings may not be available in an oxygen clean state. The use of nitrogen or argon as purge gases is not recommended as these gases do not provide an indication of oxygen depletion at the work site and asphyxia may occur without warning. RETICULATED COPPER TUBING 8 1.8. Levels of vacuum between 85 kPa to 95 kPa are used for evaporating some VOCs with low vaporization pressures. thickness of the pipe being used. Ges. For low-pressure applications, the synthetic tube has a different problem including: The emission of volatile organic compounds used in the manufacture of the tube. The current use of specifications predominantly taken from medical gas standards for this type of work is not always suitable; these standards are for use with medical grade gases that have a purity level of 99.5%. 2. The electropolished stainless steel tube is used to assist in the prevention of contamination due to outgassing where spontaneously combustible gases are piped and gases may be trapped in the pipe surface. It is recommended that automatic changeover high-pressure manifolds be selected for use with instrument air supplies to provide a guarantee of supply when the system is in use. The laboratory shall be bound by four walls and a roof or ceiling. The space required by liquid vessels to store large gas volumes reduces storage space dramatically when compared to cylinders as can be seen from Table 2.1. 1.2 LABORATORY GASES The laboratory gases that are referenced in this book are limited to . The function of the inlet and air extraction openings of the industrial venting shall not be impaired. It is necessary to ensure that internal pipeline pressure variation does not cause backflow between the various branches of any multi-connection system. This is one of three forms that supersede HTM 2022 (1999, ISBN 011322141X). Unfortunately, in many instances, budgetary constraints will override the above with future cost blowouts for repairs and maintenance plus the downtime for vital equipment and the associated losses that accompany it. Gas suppliers or installation specialists should be consulted regarding sourcing oxygen clean stainless steel tube and the availability of companies who are able to provide suitable cleaning services. There are no comprehensive single sources of technical references currently available in this market, states the author, and the generally supplied specifications provided to the construction industry are usually generic and not specifically targeted for the gases in use. The regulator or manifold should be fitted with a purge valve with a suitable connection for an exhaust pipe to be vented to an external location. Fittings on the head also include a pressure gage, an internal cooling coil, and a safety rupture disc. We will look at each of these individually in this chapter. There are always new procedures and equipment being introduced that may require gases provided in a unique manner that is not met by standard systems. Used where monitoring of the gas supply is not critical or can be manually operated and visually monitored. The following benchmarks are commonly used when selecting vacuum pumps for laboratory service. The considerations such as noise and vibration transmission to the building, heat rejection, power availability and floor space are just some that will need to be contemplated. The flushing of pipelines with inert gas during welding processes ensures that silver soldered pipeline joints are constructed using methods to safeguard that the internal surfaces are free of oxides and residues. 5.10.8 GAS SUPPLY SYSTEMS 5.10.8.1 AUTOMATIC MANIFOLDS Automatic manifolds [29] provide a continuous supply of gas that is connected to two independent banks of gas cylinders. These small independent systems are suitable for recovery of some volatile organic compounds and specialist localized pump types are available providing optional condensing coils that require connection to a chilled water supply. An uncontrolled pressurized gas flow provides a source of energy that can accelerate particles and other small items to velocities that may cause physical injury to the user or other nearby individuals. Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines and City Gas Distribution Networks: Oct, 2013: 109: OISD-GDN-227: Emergency Response and Preparedness in E&P Industry: Aug, 2007: 110: Pipelines usually consist of sections of pipe made of . 6.5.3USES Mixed with carbon dioxide, methane is used in Geiger counters and for the detector in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a quenching gas. Controlled pre-pressurized systems are an optional method of preventing adiabatic compression that can be caused by sudden activation of quick acting valves such as solenoid and ball valves. It is important that proper records of carbon dioxide cylinders on the site be maintained. Note: The use of a synthetic tube is not recommended for laboratory vacuum pipelines. If solenoid valves are necessary the use of slow opening valve types is recommended. Safety instructions for maintenance, inspection, and installation work. 6.2.7.3 SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY Each gas system will have requirements that dictate the type of supply required; many laboratories require a permanent supply that will be online twenty for hours a day and seven days a week. It is 78 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines important to alternate the IN USE and RESERVE banks in this procedure. These seals are suitable for dismantling and reassembly which reduces lost time when service or maintenance is required. 2.4.2 LIQUID ARGON The supply of liquid argon is provided only for gaseous use where large volumes of argon are required. The design flow and system pressure should use a design safety margin normally set at 10% above the system working parameters. This may need final adjustment after commissioning to prevent the system from short cycling during use. This type of layout will require access for a forklift or similar transport system. The column walls are coated with the stationary phase. In some countries, these regulations are protected by law and may not be ignored. With permission.) They do not include a differential pressure gauge, as the filter element is effectively a molecular sieve and its life is determined by the volume of air likely to pass through the unit during a predetermined time. Note: Semi-automatic manifolds require manual resetting after the automatic changeover mechanism has operated and the gas monitoring alarm system has been activated. It is highly recommended that consultation with the laboratory staff is undertaken to ensure that the gas being supplied will meet with their requirements and the equipment being used. Unfortunately, the choice of equipment available in the marketplace may reduce the options available in this instance. The results provide extremely poor quality designs and, in some instances, unusable systems. A major laboratory would require higher flows; however, due to the low flow demand at any individual outlet it is imperative to have some information on the types and flow demand of the various items of equipment being used. FIGURE 1.9b Parr floor mounted models 1L and 2-L calorimeters. 6.6.7.2 SYSTEM PRESSURE The pressure requirements will vary to suit the equipment being used in the laboratory, most manufacturers of laboratory equipment will provide a built-in pressure regulator that allows a range of supply pressures to be tolerated. 2.2.8.3 HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION The selection of the plant to be provided is of critical importance. FIGURE 1.8 Parr model 4848 calorimeter. As you are no doubt aware gas pressure is one of the major variables that will. The cylinder supply of instrument air is available from purity levels of 99.5% through to 99.99995% or for particularly sensitive equipment cylinders with certification; and a complete analysis of the Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 21 makeup of the air in the cylinder is necessary. . With permission.) Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiant that can cause nausea and vomiting followed by a loss of consciousness and death. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. The initial pipeline flushing with carbon dioxide should be set at a flow of 100 L/min to ensure that all air is displaced from the pipeline. The safety instructions are given in these operating and maintenance instructions; the existing legal regulations as well as the accident. The nature of the coating material determines what type of materials will be most strongly adsorbed. Note: At this velocity, there would be pressure losses that would be unacceptable in the majority of laboratory gas systems. Laboratory Gas Pipeline Construction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Laboratory Gas Pipeline Fabrication 3.3 Identification of Pipelines 3.4 High-Pressure Valve and Regulators 3.5 Tube Fittings and Adapters 3.6 Laboratory Tapware 3.7 Gas Sensing System 3.8 Engineering-Mechanical Design . An increase of as little as 3% (from 21% to 24% oxygen in air) has been shown to change the properties of the air sufficiently that it alters the ability of some materials to burn. Flow rates are difficult to calculate as usually there will be no empirical data to call on and no documented references available. It instructs design engineers, laboratory managers, and installation technicians on how to source the information and specifications they require for the design and installation of laboratory gas systems suitable for their intended use. When these dryers are used, there will be a need to increase the plant design flow rate to compensate for the additional consumption of the instrument air used in the drying process. The installation of liquid traps and particulate filtration in the pipeline in any location where this may occur is recommended to prevent contaminants from entering the pump body itself. Design of labs for the private sector, run by corporations, is usually driven by the need to enhance the research operation's profit making potential. The principles include component cleanness, a fluxless brazing method, and correct choice of materials and the use of an inert gas atmosphere during welding. It is used in some high-pressure hoses for cylinder connections to manifolds; however, this tubing is reinforced with stainless steel outer braiding or similar protection. How large is the chamber holding the product that will be evacuated, e.g., a constant volume versus a continuous flow. These systems need a service that will provide notification to laboratory staff that the system gas supply is in its standard operating condition or has a depleted gas supply caused by usage or an equipment failure. Controlled pre-pressurized systems are an optional method of preventing adiabatic compression that can be caused by sudden activation of quick acting valves such as solenoid and ball valves. Trapped cryogenic liquids will eventually be warmed to room temperature and will expand to their original volume which within a confined space may increase in pressure to in excess of six hundred bar. What safety measures must be taken to protect staff and users of the system. Gas sensing and monitoring systems should be installed in any location where cryogenic systems are being installed. Insufficient cylinders connected to the system will allow acetone to be drawn from the cylinder and contaminate the pipeline and the AAS [24]. During construction, the tube must be kept off the floor and in a location that prevents contamination from particulates or fluids that may occur on the job site. All valves used for the control of laboratory gas pipelines must be oxygen cleaned equally to the national standard for medical grade gases as a minimum; certification of cleanliness levels should be provided by the manufacturer. Experience has shown that this technique is effective, provided the basic principles are followed. It should be noted that this tube should have the same cleanliness level as certified oxygen clean tube. The lead pump will respond to the lead pressure switch or controlled through the transducer and the system control. 1.3 LABORATORY TYPES There are a wide variety of laboratories that use piped laboratory gases. 2. Laboratories are extremely precise in their function and operation and each has its own requirements that dictate the gases to be used, their purity and the performance required of each gas system. It is also common practice to provide package compressors with built-in refrigeration driers; however, the pressure dew point from this type of drier (5C) may be insufficient for laboratory use without the use of desiccant dryers. 1.4.1 REACTORS AND CALORIMETERS The information and pictures in this section are provided with the kind permission of Parr Instrument Company, Moline Illinois, USA. Laboratory Gas Pipeline Construction 105 The use of independent control stations is also available with integrated molecular sieves, oxygen traps, and moisture removal for individual connections to equipment. The GC uses two phases, a mobile and a stationary phase. Used where monitoring of the gas supply is not critical or can be manually operated and visually monitored. A synchronization gearbox ensures exact synchronization of the claw rotors. The use of soft annealed copper pipe is not recommended for laboratory gas pipelines. Synthetic tubing and fittings may not be available in an oxygen clean state. Prohibited use is also deemed to be granting unqualified or inadequately trained personnel and unauthorized persons free access to the hazardous substances stored in the safety cabinet. (Source: Gascon Australia. What precautions have been included in the design to prevent the loss of vacuum due to use in remote locations within the system that may cause backflow in the pipeline? Special models for certain applications such as dust and gas explosion protection, high water vapor contents, gas tightness, increased oxygen contents etc. Bacteriological filters are installed prior to the vacuum receiver (where used) and the vacuum pumps. The maximum draw off rate for acetylene is approximately 10% per hour of the remaining cylinder contents. (Source: Atlas Copco Australasia. Description: Includes bibliographical references and index. Failure to issue the required in-house instructions for use; and/or Failure to perform the risk assessment and to prepare the explosion protection document; Failure to carry out the specified maintenance and inspection work and recurring tests; and/or Failure to instruct the personnel in proper storage and removal at least once a year, with written documentation of the instruction given. In non-naturally ventilated areas, the following precautions should be observed: Do not exceed the 100 liters/min flush times (see below). Brass alloys that exceed a 65% copper content. 2.2.9.3 COMPRESSOR PLANT LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATION The selection of the plant and system design will be dependent on the client. There are some instances where high vacuum levels lower than 99 kPa are required, this application should be undertaken using localized single outlet vacuum pumps as the means of supply. Copied by James (Jim) Moody with the permission of Standards Australia under License 1703-c120.) Standards Australia Limited. 5.10.9.3 ADDITIONAL SERVICES REQUIRED FOR CRYOGENIC VESSEL INSTALLATIONS The use of bulk vessels requires additional services and supplies including; 240V power supply. 3. Professor Klaus Matthaei BSc Hons (UNSW), PhD (ANU) Head, (now retired) Gene Targeting and Stem Cell Laboratory, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ALVI Technologies Pty Ltd Unit 2/79 Station Road, Seven Hills NSW 2147, Australia, Tel: +61-2-9838-7220, www.alvi.com.au; www.gasalarm.com.au ASTM International #100, Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA, Tel: +1-610-832-9634, http://www.astm.org Atlas Copco Australia Pty Ltd Atlas Copco Compressors (Australia), #3, Bessemer Street, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia, Tel: +61-2-96219795, http://www.atlascopco.com.au Busch Australia Pty Ltd #30, Lakeside Drive, Broadmeadows VIC 3047, Australia, Tel: +61-1800-639-087, https://www.buschvacuum.com/au/en Cryoquip Australia #14, Zenith Road, Dandenong, VIC 3175, Australia, Tel: +61-(0)-402-302-251; +61-(0)-3-9791-7888, http://www.cryoquip.com.au/store/index.asp xvi Dperthal Sicherheitstechnik Sitz: Karlstein, Registergericht: Amtsgericht Lemgo HRA 3229, Pers. 2. These dryers are available in temperature ranges that will provide suitable levels of residual moisture. The following variables provide some of the restrictions that may assist in the correct vacuum pump selection for an installation based on the demands of the system from a pressure, flow, and compatibility perspective. The following formula is used as an example for the calculating the temperature of oxygen. 3.6.3.1 BROEN-CLEANLINE 501 RANGE BROEN CLEANLINE 501 fittings can be used for gases with purity coefficient up to 5.0 (99.999% clean gases). The main features of the technique are as follows: An inert internal atmosphere of carbon dioxide is used within the pipeline during fluxless brazing. The construction of both pipelines is similar. Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 75 A remote filling connection may be if the delivery vehicle cannot park adjacent to the cryogenic vessel. It may be possible to select from a number of configurations to suit the project. Parr also offers the Parr 6400 Automatic Calorimeter, specifically designed for laboratories with high sample throughput. 6.4.5.3 ELECTROPOLISHED STAINLESS STEEL TUBE The electropolished stainless steel tube is produced specifically for the electronics industry. 6. This should be taken into consideration when selecting the pump type. The vacuum pump manufacturer would be the ideal place to begin an investigation, if this is required as they will need to provide guarantees that their equipment would be suitable for the service and also advise on what they require to maintain it and for warranty and maintenance guarantees. It is highly recommended that consultation with the laboratory staff is undertaken to ensure that the gas being supplied will meet with their requirements and the equipment being used. This chapter, provided the basic principles are followed vomiting followed by a loss of consciousness and death for VESSEL... 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